Case Study: Math Workbook for Problem Solving Maps

Problem

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n 2001, Dr. Danilo Sirias, Professor of Management at Saginaw Valley State University, noticed students struggling to grasp mathematics concepts in his business statistics course. Because they did not fully understand the relationships between math concepts they had learned in previous courses and those they were learning in business statistics, many believed the course required them to learn an entirely new set of concepts rather than assimilate the old with the new.

This made sense to Sirias, as a traditional approach to math education, practiced in most classrooms in which his students had learned during their K-12 years, concentrates on mastery of specific checkpoints within the curriculum, such as fractions. With such an approach, math easily becomes “fragmented into different strategies and tools,” which makes it difficult for students to form an accurate, meaningful, holistic mental map about mathematics as a discipline.

To help his students, Sirias began drawing on the whiteboard in his classroom to represent thinking and problem solving processes visually. To Sirias’ surprise, the maps not only made business statistics easier and more enjoyable for his students but encouraged them to break down problems and develop critical thinking strategies that would be meaningful across concepts and curricula. Sirias then began using his maps, which he called the Problem Solving Maps, to help his school-age daughters complete their math homework, with similar results.

As a teacher, Sirias likes using the step-by-step breakdown supported by Problem Solving Maps (PSM) in his classroom because “the strategy allows you to diagnose when students are having trouble and pinpoint specifically how to help them.” Students like solving problems step by step because PSM helps them solve problems in an organized manner and clarifies their thinking. They tend to feel less overwhelmed when tasked with solving big problems. They understand how to break the whole into manageable parts—and how to frame one part of the problem in the context of another part or of the whole.

Team

Meanwhile, Professor Blake Johnson from the Art Department reached out to Sirias because both professors were interested in community engagement. He spoke with Sirias about the possibility of creating math workbooks for K-12 students. The project seemed like an ideal fit for Cardinal Solutions, an interdisciplinary program at SVSU directed by Johnson.

In the first phase, student specialists from Cardinal Solutions created branding materials for Sirias’ workbook and developed a grant proposal to fund the second phase, production of the book. They secured the Foundation Resource Grant from the Saginaw Valley State University Foundation. This award allowed Cardinal Solutions to hire a curriculum developer, who provided sample problems that aligned with common core standards, and seven more student specialists: two graphic designers, one illustrator, two education students, one technical writer, and one marketing student.

Karlie MacKay, one of Johnson’s graphic design students, learned about Problem Solving Maps and the Cardinal Solutions program during a conversation before class. “I mentioned that I had graduated from a different university with an Elementary Education degree but had decided to come back to school and study something else,” MacKay says, “but that I was a private tutor and worked with school-age children on homework and test prep.” Johnson told MacKay that he had been looking for someone to join a project that involved developing math content for middle school using the PSM approach: “The rest is history. I’ve been a part of the project ever since.”

MacKay says she has refined a lot of her soft skills in Cardinal Solutions, from time management and teamwork to creative thinking and communication. “Sometimes we get so caught up in trying to do things all ourselves,” she says, “but by learning how to work with others who think and operate differently than you, you’re truly able to appreciate and value each team member’s strengths. If that’s not teamwork and collaboration, I don’t know what is.”

At this point, Sirias was collaborating regularly with Johnson and a multi-disciplinary team of students to create and produce the Problem Solving Maps workbook. On one hand, the Cardinal Solutions mission lined up well with what Sirias had already been practicing in his classrooms: “As a teacher, I’m used to doing experiential learning,” he says. “Most problems out there need an interdisciplinary approach.” On the other hand, like everyone on the team, he needed to make a conscious effort to overcome the silos created by different vocabularies and mental maps cultivated in different classrooms and place a great deal of trust in people from a vast range of academic and professional backgrounds.

Solution

MacKay likes to compare the Problem Solving Maps to training wheels. The maps help the students see how the problem is broken down into manageable, bite-sized pieces. Once they gradually get the hang of it and gather the confidence needed to do the problem(s) on their own, they won’t need the maps anymore. “They’ll feel comfortable and confident enough to tackle the math problems without the map because they’ve started to train themselves on how to break down the problems and ask themselves the necessary questions that will help them reach the answer,” MacKay says. “I’ve always said that the best thing you can do to help a child is to help them learn how to think and learn.”

By helping math students develop critical thinking and problem solving skills, PSM strategies equip them to tackle harder problems in the future because they have learned how to think, not what to think: “Life doesn’t give you the answer key to memorize, so it’s important to be able to look at a problem and not panic in fear but pause, think of a plan to get the problem solved, and go for it!”

MacKay, who uses the maps in her own private tutoring sessions, says the PSM approach can help remedy some aspects of a more traditional approach to math education that make math challenging to learn. For example, students enter class with varying levels of proficiency in math. It is the teacher’s job to teach the material for that day’s lesson, whether or not the students have a solid understanding of the content or even confidence in number sense. PSM breaks down problems in a logical, visual representation so that the students can see how the problem comes together.

“Teachers don’t have the opportunity to go to each and every student and ask if they understand the lesson,” MacKay says. “By mapping the math problems, the students are able to ask themselves the questions they need to allow them to solve the problems. By giving students a map, teachers are able to see not only the student’s final answer for the problem but how they arrived at that answer. Any box that doesn’t have the correct answer shows the teacher exactly where the student ran into trouble. Plus, if more than one student had an incorrect answer in a given box, then the teacher is able to better target that particular part of the problem. In my opinion, it helps the students better understand the material and allows the teacher to track the students’ thinking all in one map.”

The new logo and brand was designed by Shayla C. Krygier.

Result

Cardinal Solutions has allowed MacKay to make connections and even friendships that she otherwise would not have had the chance to make. “If you’re on the fence about joining, think about what doors would open because you chose to make the leap,” she says. “Join the team and see what great things happen when you bring people and their talents together to accomplish a problem, project, and goal. Life is better with collaboration!”

For Sirias, the most rewarding aspects of his work with Cardinal Solutions are how and to what extent the team translated his vision to reality. “Problem Solving Maps was an idea I had for teaching,” he says. “Cardinal Solutions made it more real. We made it a sellable product.” The maps are used locally at White Pine Middle School. Sirias has also provided training to teachers from other states and educators who teach in the Philippines, Mexico, Poland, Japan, and the Netherlands.

The Problem Solving Maps methodology satisfies teachers’ needs in the classroom by streamlining mathematics education. Educators who use PSM can teach one method to solve many problems instead of many methods to solve many problems. Students have responded well to the workbooks across grade levels, geographic regions, and academic abilities. ■